Page 6 - 新思维科学学生用书8 样章

Continued
After completing an activity, this provides you
with the opportunity to either assess your own
work or another student’s work.
The diagram of the respiratory system includes a lot of new words.
How are you going to learn this diagram and all of its labels?
Remember that, in a test, the diagram might not be exactly the
same as this one. b
This contains questions that ask you to
look back at what you have covered
and encourages you to think about
your learning.
This list summarises the important
ideas that you have learned in the
topic.
At the end of each unit, there is a group
project that you can carry out with other
students. This will involve using some of
the knowledge that you developed
during the unit. Your project might
involve creating or producing something,
or you might all solve a problem together.
1 Respiration
These questions look back
at some of the content you
learned in each session in this
unit. If you can answer these,
you are ready to move on to
the next unit
36
Continue until the limewater in one of the tubes has gone cloudy. Make a note
7
of which tube it is. 1.2 Gas exchange
Questions
1 The air that you breathe out is called expired air.
In which tube did your expired air bubble through the limewater?
2 The air that you breathe in is called inspired air.
In which tube did your inspired air bubble through the limewater?
3 In which tube did the limewater go cloudy first?
4 Name the gas that makes limewater go cloudy.
How to use this book
How to use this book
5 Copy and complete these sentences. Use some of these words:
A B expired inspired less more 1.1 The human respiratory system
The limewater went cloudy first in tube ………………… .
This is the limewater that ………………… air bubbles through.
Continued
Our results show that expired air contains ………………… carbon dioxide than
2 Touch the lungs.
inspired air.
What do they feel like when you push them? Can you suggest why they feel like
Self-assessment
this? (Look at the diagram of the human respiratory system to help you.)
3 Think about how you did the experiment.
Look at the tube that carries air down into the lungs.
Copy each bulleted statement, and then draw a face next to each one according to
What is the name of this tube?
a
how well you think you performed.
b
Feel the tube. What does it feel like?
I think I did this really well. 1.1 The human respiratory system
c
Follow the tube towards the lungs. Can you find where it divides into two?
What are the names of these two tubes?
I did OK, but I could probably do better.
d Now look at the top of the big tube, where it is wider.
Continued
I didn’t do this very well at all.
What is the name of this wide part? What is its function?
Touch the lungs.
2
• I worked out which tube the air would go into when I breathed in and when I
What do they feel like when you push them? Can you suggest why they feel like
breathed out.
this? (Look at the diagram of the human respiratory system to help you.)
•
I managed to breathe in and out with just the right force to make the air bubble
3
Look at the tube that carries air down into the lungs.
through the limewater.
a
What is the name of this tube?
•
I stopped as soon as the limewater in one of the tubes went cloudy.
Feel the tube. What does it feel like?
I understand what this experiment shows about how much carbon dioxide there
•
c
Follow the tube towards the lungs. Can you find where it divides into two?
is in inspired air and expired air.
Activity 1.1.1 d What are the names of these two tubes?
Is there anything that you would do differently if you did this experiment again?
Now look at the top of the big tube, where it is wider.
What is the name of this wide part? What is its function?
What does the larynx do?
Hold the fingertips of one hand against your larynx (voicebox).
Keep your lips together, and make a loud humming sound.
Can you feel the larynx vibrating?
The diagram of the respiratory system includes a lot of new words.
How are you going to learn this diagram and all of its labels?
Remember that, in a test, the diagram might not be exactly the
Your larynx contains your vocal cords. These are bands of muscle that stretch across 15
your larynx. You can think of them as being like guitar strings. When your vocal cords
same as this one.
vibrate, they make a sound.
Now make a higher-pitched humming sound. Then try a really deep pitched sound.
Activity 1.1.1
Can you feel the larynx changing when you make the different sounds?
What does the larynx do?
Hold the fingertips of one hand against your larynx (voicebox).
Summary checklist
Keep your lips together, and make a loud humming sound.
I can name the parts of the respiratory system, and identify them on a diagram.
Can you feel the larynx vibrating?
I can list the organs that air passes through, as it moves into and out of the
Your larynx contains your vocal cords. These are bands of muscle that stretch across
lungs.
your larynx. You can think of them as being like guitar strings. When your vocal cords
vibrate, they make a sound. 1.5 Blood
9
Now make a higher-pitched humming sound. Then try a really deep pitched sound.
Project: Helping white blood cells to protect us from pathogens
Can you feel the larynx changing when you make the different sounds?
This project is about how scientific knowledge develops over time, and how scientific
discoveries can help people all over the world.
Summary checklist
Background I can name the parts of the respiratory system, and identify them on a diagram.
Our white blood cells are amazing at keeping us safe from pathogens. Most of the
I can list the organs that air passes through, as it moves into and out of the
time, they manage to destroy the pathogens so that we recover quickly from an
infection. lungs.
But there are some pathogens that white blood cells cannot destroy in time. The
virus that causes rabies is one of these. If the rabies virus gets into a person’s body, 9
the body needs outside help in order to stop the virus spreading. Without treatment,
most people die if they are infected with the rabies virus.
Your task
You are going to work in a group to find out information about rabies, and how it can
be successfully treated. Each group will work on a different topic.
Choose one or two of the following five topics to research with your group. Also
choose how you will present your findings to others. You could make a poster, or
give an illustrated talk.
Discovering what causes rabies
Check your progress
Who first discovered the cause of rabies, and when did they do this?
First vaccine for rabies
1.1 The list includes some of the structures that air passes through, as it moves
Who created the first vaccine for rabies,
from outside the body to the place where gas exchange happens.
and how did they do this?
How rabies is transmitted
Write the structures in the correct order.
bronchiole trachea bronchus alveolus (air sac)
How can a person be infected with rabies? [2]
1.2 The diagram shows an air sac and a blood capillary.
Preventing rabies
In which countries is rabies most
common? What can people in
these countries do to reduce
the risk of getting rabies?
Treatment for rabies
What should someone do if they
have been bitten by an animal
with rabies? How do rabies
vaccines help our white blood
cells to fight the virus? Illustration of a rabies virus
a Copy the diagram. Label:
• the blood capillary 35
• the wall of the air sac. [2]5
b Draw two red blood cells in the correct place on your diagram. [1]
c Draw an arrow to show the direction in which oxygen diffuses.
Label your arrow O. [1]
d Draw an arrow to show the direction in which carbon dioxide diffuses.
Label your arrow C. [1]
e Describe how the red blood cells transport oxygen to all the cells in the body. [2]
1.3 In each of these groups of statements, only one is correct.
Choose the correct statement, and write down its letter.
a A Every living cell respires.
B Only animal cells respire.
C Respiration uses up energy. [1]
b A Expired (breathed out) air contains only carbon dioxide.
B Expired air contains more carbon dioxide than inspired (breathed in) air.
C Expired air contains more oxygen than inspired air. [1]